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Toothbrush

History

A variety of oral hygiene measures have been used since before recorded history. This has been verified by various excavations done all over the world, in which chewsticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones and porcupine quills were recovered. The first toothbrush recorded in history was made in 3000 B.C., the toothbrush was called a chewstick, which was a twig with a frayed end

Many peoples have used forms of toothbrushes through the ages. Indian medicine (Ayurveda) has used the neem tree (a.k.a. daatun) and its products to create toothbrushes and similar products for millennia. The end of a neem twig is chewed until it is soft and splayed, and it is then used to brush the teeth. In the Muslim world, the miswak, or siwak, made from a twig or root with antiseptic properties has been widely used since the time of the Prophet Mohamed who used it himself and appreciated it use in 570-632 AD(check "miswak" for reference). Rubbing baking soda or chalk against the teeth has also been common practice in history. Pioneers used a cob of corn and added salt to brush their teeth.

The first toothbrush to resemble the modern toothbrush is believed to have been invented in China. Japanese Zen master Dgen Kigen recorded on Shbgenz that he saw some monks clean their teeth with a brush when he had been in China in 1223. This brush used horse tail hairs attached to a stick made of ox bone.

A photo from 1899 showing the use of toothbrush.

The earliest identified use of the word toothbrush in English was in the autobiography of Anthony Wood in 1690, in a sentence about buying a toothbrush from a man named J. Barret.

William Addis of England is credited with creating the first mass-produced toothbrush in 1780. In 1770 he had been placed in jail for causing a riot. While in prison, he decided that the method for teeth brushing of the time rubbing a rag on one's teeth with soot and salt could be improved. So he took a small animal bone, drilled small holes in it, obtained some bristles from a guard, tied them in tufts, then passed the bristles through the holes on the bone and glued them. He soon became very wealthy. He died in the year 1808 and left the business to his eldest son, William II.

The first patent for a toothbrush was by H. N. Wadsworth in 1857 (US Patent No. 18,653) in the United States, but mass production of the product in America only started in 1885. The rather advanced design had a bone handle with holes bored into it for the Siberian Boar hair bristles. Boar wasn't an ideal material; it retained bacteria, it didn't dry well, and the bristles would often fall out of the brush. It wasn't until World War II, however, that the concept of brushing teeth really caught on in the U.S., in part because it was part of American soldiers' regular daily duty to clean their teeth. It was a practice that they brought back to their home life after the conclusion of the war.

A child being shown how to use a toothbrush.

Natural bristles (from animal hair) were replaced by synthetic fibers, usually nylon, by DuPont in 1938. The first nylon bristle toothbrush, made with nylon yarn, went on sale on February 24, 1938. The first electric toothbrush, the Broxodent, was introduced by the Bristol-Myers Company (now Bristol-Myers Squibb) at the centennial of the American Dental Association in 1959.

In January 2003, the toothbrush was selected as the number one invention Americans could not live without, beating out the automobile, computer, cell phone, and microwave oven, according to the Lemelson-MIT Invention Index.

Environmental impact

Despite being comparatively a small source of pollution (as the amounts of resources required to make a single item are small), tooth brushes still make up for 50 million pounds of plastics per year for the USA alone that end up in landfills.

See also

Oral hygiene

Teeth cleaning twig

Dental floss

Toothpaste

Chewable toothbrush

Electric toothbrush

Ultrasonic cleaning

Miswak

References

^ "Oral Longevity," American Dental Association brochure (PDF), page 2 Retrieved June 12, 2008

^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p.62. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0684801647.

^ a b History of Dentistry and Dental Care

^ "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?". The Library of Congress. 2007-04-04. http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12. 

^ "2003 Invention Index". 2003-01-21. http://web.mit.edu/invent/n-pressreleases/n-press-03index.html. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 

^ Amount of tooth brushes wasted per year

^ Amount of toothbrushes per year for USA

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Toothbrush

Taking Care of Your Teeth Naturally

American Dental Association statements on Toothbrushing

International Toothbrush Collection, a searchable database

BBC h2g2 The History of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes

v  d  e

Periodontology

Tissues of the periodontium

and their physiologic entities

Alveolar bone  Biologic width  Bundle bone  Cementum  Free gingival margin  Gingiva  Gingival fibers  Gingival sulcus  Junctional epithelium  Mucogingival junction  Periodontal ligament  Sulcular epithelium  Stippling

Diagnoses

Chronic periodontitis  Localized aggressive periodontitis  Generalized aggressive periodontitis  Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease  Necrotizing periodontal diseases  Abscesses of the periodontium  Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions

Pathogenesis

A. actinomycetemcomitans  Capnocytophaga sp.  F. nucleatum  P. gingivalis  P. intermedia  T. forsythia  T. denticola

Pathologic entities

Calculus  Edentulism  Fremitus  Furcation defect  Gingival enlargement  Gingival pocket  Gingivitis  Horizontal bony defect  Linear gingival erythema  Occlusal trauma  Periodontal pocket  Periodontal disease  Periodontitis  Plaque  Recession  Vertical bony defect

Diagnosis, treatment planning,

prevention and

chemotherapeutic agents

Brushing  Bleeding on probing  Chlorhexidine gluconate  Enamel matrix derivative  Flossing  Hydrogen peroxide  Mouthwash  Oral hygiene  Tetracycline  Triclosan

Periodontal armamentarium

Curette  Membrane  Probe  Scaler

Conventional therapy

Debridement  Scaling and root planing  Full mouth disinfection

Surgical therapy and

periodontal surgery

Apically positioned flap  Bone graft  Coronally positioned flap  Crown lengthening  Open flap debridement  Free gingival graft  Gingivectomy  Guided bone regeneration  Guided tissue regeneration  Implant Placement  Lateral pedicle graft  Pocket reduction surgery  Sinus lift  Subepithelial connective tissue graft

Important personalities

Per-Ingvar Brnemark  Jan Lindhe  Willoughby D. Miller  Carl E. Misch  John Mankey Riggs  Jrgen Slots  Dennis P. Tarnow  James Leon Williams  W. J. Younger

Other specialties

Endodontology  Orthodontology  Prosthodontology

Categories: Dental equipment | Oral hygiene
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Questions & Answers about Toy Chew Guard

How do I keep my boarder collie from digging and chewing.?

Clyde is 10mon old. Very good with the kids. But chews up all their toys and extentsion cords, radio cord, and phone charger. I had him on a rope lease and he chewed it off. I tried the dog lease and that was destroyed. I tried keeping him in the backyard when I would leave and had the door latch wired shut, he is so smart he would lift the other side and unhinge the gate and explore the neighborhood. I am home with him 80% of the time and he is good but when I leave everything is destroyed. I need him to stay in the yard and not dig or chew on anything else. I gave him chew toys and I don't know where he buried them. My husband left me and the kids for the winter and won't be back until spring and we need a good guard dog. Any suggestions?
Other then the chewing, digging, and escaping. I bought the dog to herd chickens but I can't get him to do that. How would I train him to herd the chickens?

First of all - he is a 10 month old puppy and they chew. Keep things away from him that you don't want to chew. My Australina Kelpie loved to chew the stairs so I put a chillie, pepper and curry slurry on them. It seemed to do the trick. Maybe you need to find something he doesn't like the taste of and "paint" it onto your cords and cables. If he chews threw a rope when tied up, get a chain tie-out. I'll guarantee he won't chew through that.

Toys, like the Kong filled with peanut butter, can be very entertaining for active dogs. It keeps them busy. My Belgian Shepherd Malinois loves toys that squeak. He will just lie there, not actually chewing the toy but squeaking it. It obviously amuses him - the louder the squeak the better. I watch him with some of his toys and it is so obvious that he is thinking, I'll get this apart just watch me.

You have to be smarter than your dog. Some breeds are so intelligent that it is difficult. We had a Belgian Shepherd Groenendael who would get through a certain gate. When we put the gate up we put the handle upside down so she couldn't "accidentally" open the gate by jumping on the handle - so she learnt to use her pointy nose to push the handle up and open the gate. We then had to wire the gate shut.

If he is unhinging the gate then you need to wire the gate so that he can't. In breeds such as Border Collies, Belgian Shepherds, Australian Kelpies who will problem solve you have to be swift to stop them when they are doing these things cos once they have worked out that they can do they are so smart and so determined that they won't give up till they have gotten around the "fix" you have used. Your "fix" needs to be so good that they can't get around it.

Border Collies have oodles and oodles of energy - you need to walk him and walk him and walk him. Preferably if you can take him somewhere safe and let him run - ball or frisbee chasing is a great exercise and enjoyable activity for these dogs. Also, attending obedience classes cannot be overstated for these dogs. They want to please you but you have to teach them how they can please you. By doing obedience classes and then doing some daily training at home you are achieving 2 purposes - spending quality time with your dog and showing it how you want it to behave.

Anyway, good luck.

Chinchilla cage help 10 pts?

Is 35.5 L x 22.25 W x 48 H cage big enough for a chinchilla? Also is there anywhere i can buy metal or wooden shelves from that will fit that cage? Or how can i make them myself? And where can i buy/make self guards so that it'll keep my chins litter and poop ect. inside the cage instead of all over my floor? Is it okay to have some plastic accessories inside the cage (igloo) if i supply plenty of wooden chew toys? Or will my chin still chew the plastic anyways? 10 pts best answer!
the cage measurements are in inches.

Yeah, that sounds big enough for 1 chinchilla. As for the shelves, I would cut a piece of wood that will just fit inside the cage and go to the hardware store and find something that can clip to the cage and hold the shelf up. As for the guard around the cage, you can buy mesh guards made for bird cages that are elastic and go around the base. THey aRe inexpensive and easy to put on. Yes, you can put a plastic igloo in your chin's cage. Even if they do chew it, its not like it would hurt him.

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